In the previous part we saw how to use buttons in Kivy. The button is a really common Kivy widget. In this part I’d like to touch upon all the other widgets that we’ll be making use of, so toggle button, check box, text input and slider.
But before we delve into the topic, here’s some info for you.
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Table of Contents
Book Info
I just published my Kivy book, GUI Programming with Python and Kivy. It’s pretty long (over 800 pages) and comprehensive. And, which also counts, easy to read. The book contains lots of illustrations.
This book covers all the basics that you need to know to start programming GUI applications with Python and Kivy. Throughout the book we are building a GUI application from scratch, a fully functional game using all kinds of tools that Kivy has to offer. It’s our Slugrace project, but covered in a much more in-depth manner.
Each part of the book starts with a theoretical introduction of a topic or idea that we then implement in the project. I assume you have no prior knowledge of the Kivy library, but you should have at least some basic knowledge of the Python programming language, including the object-oriented programming paradigm as this is what we will be using a lot in this book.
The book covers all the basic elements of Kivy that you have to know, like widgets, layouts, Kivy ids and properties, graphics, screens, animation, sound. Finally we’ll deploy the app to Windows. It is pretty comprehensive and after you finish it, I’m sure you’ll be able to create your own awesome GUI apps of any kind, not just games.
I hope you will have at least as much fun reading the book as I had writing it.
As far as this Kivy series is concerned, the following parts will contain the most important elements covered in the book. However, some elements will be presented in a simplified way here on my blog or omitted completely.
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If you are interested, you can purchase the book in four versions. Here are the links:
1) ebook – pdf version on my website – in full color
Here you can see the description of the book, sample graphics from the book and the full table of contents.
2) ebook – Kindle version on Amazon – in full color
3) paperback version on Amazon – in black and white
4) paperback version on Amazon – in full color
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And Now Let’s Move On…
The Check Box Kivy Widget
Let’s start with the check box Kivy widget. The check box is a two-state button that can be either checked or unchecked. Later we’ll see that it can be used as a radio button as well, if it’s in a group, but for now let’s just have a look at a single check box.
The main property of a check box is active, which is True if it’s checked and False otherwise. The basic check box event is on_active, which is fired if the state of the checkbox changes.
Let’s replace our button from the previous part with a check box. Here are the two files, main.py and helloworld.kv with comments. Here’s the Python file:
# File name: main.py
import kivy
from kivy.app import App
# This is what you need to import in order to use a check box.
from kivy.uix.checkbox import CheckBox
class HelloWorldApp(App):
def build(self):
# Now we want a check box to be returned.
return CheckBox()
if __name__ == '__main__':
HelloWorldApp().run()
And here’s the kv file:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the CheckBox class
<CheckBox>:
# The check box should be checked, so set the active property to True.
active: True
If you run the main.py file, you will see a checked box in the app window. You can now uncheck it and check it again to see how it works.
on_active event
Let’s make the check box do something when its state changes. For now something as simple as printing out a message in the terminal will do. Here’s the kv file:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the CheckBox class
<CheckBox>:
# The check box should be checked, so set the active property to True.
active: True
# Print a message any time the box is checked or unchecked.
on_active: print('State changed')
Now run the program and try checking and unchecking the check box several times (A). You will see the ‘State changed’ message in the terminal each time you do (B):
The Toggle Button Kivy Widget
The next widget I’d like to discuss is the toggle button, which shares features with both the regular button and the check box. It looks like a button at first glance, but when you press it, it remains pressed, just like the check box remains checked when you check it. So, it’s a two-state button as well. The two states are normal and down.
You can set the state of the button to normal or down using the state property. You can use the on_state event if something should happen when the state changes. Besides, you can use the text property as you did with the regular button.
Also, just like check boxes, toggle buttons may be grouped so that only one toggle button may be in the down state (i.e. pressed) at a time in a group. But this is beyond the scope of this introductory article.
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Creating and using a toggle button is easy. Let’s remove the code responsible for the check box we just created and let’s add a toggle button. Here is the Python file with comments:
# File name: main.py
import kivy
from kivy.app import App
# This is what you need to import in order to use a toggle button.
from kivy.uix.togglebutton import ToggleButton
class HelloWorldApp(App):
def build(self):
# Now we want a toggle button to be returned.
return ToggleButton()
if __name__ == '__main__':
HelloWorldApp().run()
And here’s the kv file:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the ToggleButton class
<ToggleButton>:
# The toggle button has the text property, just like a the regular button.
text: 'not pressed'
# The state is by default normal, so this line of code is redundant.
state: 'normal'
# Change the text on the toggle button if its state changes.
# You can use a ternary if operator.
on_state: self.text = 'not pressed' if self.state == 'normal' else 'pressed'
If you now run the program, you will see that if you press the button, both its color and its text will change:
The Text Input Kivy Widget
The next widget I’d like to briefly discuss is the text input. There’s much more I could write about this widget than about all the other widgets so far. However, I’m not going to do that, at least not just yet. The text input widget is going to be used later in our project, so I will discuss all the properties and events that we need in due time. For now let me just concentrate on the very basics.
So, a text input is a widget in which the user can enter text. Then our program can use this text in one way or another, depending on what we need. The text input widget may allow multiline text or just a single line of text. If you need the latter, just set the multiline property to False. The text property is used for the text in the text input widget, and there may also be a hint text, which is visible when the widget contains no text. This is usually used as a prompt as to what sort of data is expected in the widget. To set the hint text you use the hint_text property.
There are tons of other properties, which I’m not going to discuss now. There are also tons of events, which you can use if some text is entered, when it’s validated, when the widget gets focus, and so on.
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multiline text
OK, let’s have a look at a simple example with a multiline text input first. Here’s the Python code:
# File name: main.py
import kivy
from kivy.app import App
# This is what you need to import in order to use a text input.
from kivy.uix.textinput import TextInput
class HelloWorldApp(App):
def build(self):
# Now we want a text input to be returned.
return TextInput()
if __name__ == '__main__':
HelloWorldApp().run()
And here’s the kv file:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the TextInput class
<TextInput>:
# Let's set the text property to 'hello'.
text: 'hello darkness, \nmy old \nfriend...'
# The multiline property is by default set to True, so this line of code is redundant.
multiline: True
hint_text: 'Type some lyrics'
If you now run the program, the text input widget will occupy the whole available space, so the whole window. This is because it’s the only widget now. As you can see, it works exactly the same as with the other widgets in this respect.
In the kv file we set the value of the text property to a multiline string. As you can see, you can use the newline escape sequence inside your string. This is what you get:
hint text
Now click anywhere inside the widget and you can edit the text. In order to move to a new line you just need to hit Enter. And now delete all the text and you will see the hint text that we set in the kv file:
single line text
And now suppose we want to only allow single line text. All you have to do is set the multiline property to False:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the TextInput class
<TextInput>:
# Remove the newline characters because this is going
# to be single line text.
text: 'hello darkness, my old friend...'
multiline: False
hint_text: 'Type some lyrics'
I also changed the text property because now we can only have a single line of text. Run the program again and if you now try to edit the text, you will notice that the Enter key will no longer let you go to a new line. Actually, what it now does is make the text input widget lose focus and validate the text entered in it, but in our case there isn’t any validation code, so there’s nothing to validate.
There’s much more to text inputs than that, but let me now move on to the last widget I’d like to introduce in this article, the slider.
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The Slider Kivy Widget
The slider looks like a scrollbar. You can use it to set a value between a minimum and a maximum value. The main properties of a slider are min, max and value, which you can use to set the just mentioned values. The min and max properties are self-explanatory. The value property is the default value.
Besides, sliders may be oriented horizontally (by default) or vertically, depending on what you set the orientation property to.
So, this is enough for us to know to create a simple slider. Let it be a horizontal slider with values between -100 and 200 and with the default value of 0. Here’s the Python file:
# File name: main.py
import kivy
from kivy.app import App
# This is what you need to import in order to use a slider.
from kivy.uix.slider import Slider
class HelloWorldApp(App):
def build(self):
# Now we want a slider to be returned.
return Slider()
if __name__ == '__main__':
HelloWorldApp().run()
And here’s the kv file:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the Slider class
<Slider>:
# The min and max values should be -100 and 200 respectively.
min: -100
max: 200
# The default value should be 0.
value: 0
# The default orientation is horizontal, so you don't need this
# line of code now, but, of course, it will do no harm if it's there.
orientation: 'horizontal'
Now run the program. You will see the slider occupy the whole window. It’s set to the default value of 0, but you can slide it to the left and to the right. Give it a try.
vertical orientation
And now change the orientation to vertical and run the program again. Here’s the kv file:
# File name: helloworld.kv
# Now we're using the Slider class
<Slider>:
# The min and max values should be -100 and 200 respectively.
min: -100
max: 200
# The default value should be 0.
value: 0
orientation: 'vertical'
And here’s the program window when you run it:
Now the minimum value is at the bottom and the maximum value is at the top. The default value is 0 again.
Fine, this was the last widget I wanted to discuss in this article. There are lots of other widgets which are available out of the box in Kivy, but I’d like to talk about layouts now. As you probably noticed, there has always been just one single widget in our application. At first there was a label, then we got rid of the label and created a button, then we replaced the button with a check box, and so on. But usually even the most trivial apps have more than one widget. In our project there’s definitely going to be more.
So, in order to place more widgets in our app, you have to lay them out somehow. Kivy uses a couple of predefined layouts that you can use. They are pretty flexible and may be nested as much as you need. This enables you to create practically any layout you might think of.
But before we discuss layouts, in the next part we’ll see how to create our custom widgets. This is also a way of putting multiple widgets on the screen, although, technically, we just create a single widget that consists of other widgets. An then, in the following part we’ll start our discussion of Kivy layouts. In our application we’ll be making use of several different layouts, so the sooner we start using them the better.